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IntroductionBecause of the nature of the Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP), specific network problems can lead to HSRP instability. This document covers common issues and ways to troubleshoot HSRP problems. Most HSRP-related problems are not true HSRP issues. Instead, they are network problems that affect the behavior of HSRP.This document covers these most-common issues that relate to HSRP:.Router report of a duplicate HSRP standby IP address.Constant HSRP state changes ( active, standby, speak).Missing HSRP peers.Switch error messages that relate to HSRP.Excessive network unicast flooding to the HSRP configurationNote: This document details how to troubleshoot HSRP in Catalyst switch environments. The document contains many references to software versions and network topology design.
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Nevertheless, the sole purpose of this document is to facilitate and guide engineers on who to troubleshoot HSRP. This document is not intended to be a design guide, software-recommendation document, or a best practices document. Prerequisites RequirementsThere are no specific requirements for this document. Components UsedThis document is not restricted to specific software and hardware versions.The information in this document was created from the devices in a specific lab environment. All of the devices used in this document started with a cleared (default) configuration. If your network is live, make sure that you understand the potential impact of any command. Understand HSRP Background InformationBusinesses and consumers that rely on intranet and Internet services for their mission-critical communications require and expect their networks and applications to be continuously available to them.
Customers can satisfy their demands for near-100 percent network uptime if they leverage the HSRP in Cisco IOS® Software. HSRP, which is unique to Cisco platforms, provides network redundancy for IP networks in a manner that ensures that user traffic immediately and transparently recovers from first-hop failures in network edge devices or access circuits.Two or more routers can act as a single, virtual router if they share an IP address and a MAC (Layer 2 L2) address. The address is necessary for host workstation default gateway redundancy. Most host workstations do not contain routing tables and use only a single next hop IP and MAC address. This address is known as a default gateway. With HSRP, members of the virtual router group continually exchange status messages.
One router can assume the routing responsibility of another if a router goes out of commission for either planned or unplanned reasons. Hosts are configured with a single default gateway and continue to forward IP packets to a consistent IP and MAC address. The changeover of devices that do the routing is transparent to the end workstations.Note: You can configure host workstations that run Microsoft OS for multiple default gateways. But, the multiple default gateways are not dynamic. The OS only uses one single default gateway at a time. The system only selects an additional configured default gateway at boot time if the first configured default gateway is determined unreachable by Internet Control Management Protocol (ICMP).
Basic OperationA set of routers that run HSRP works in concert to present the illusion of a single default gateway router to the hosts on the LAN. This set of routers is known as an HSRP group or standby group. A single router that is elected from the group is responsible for the forwarding of the packets that hosts send to the virtual router. This router is known as the active router.
Another router is elected as the standby router. If the active router fails, the standby assumes the packet forwarding duties. Although an arbitrary number of routers may run HSRP, only the active router forwards the packets that are sent to the virtual router IP address.In order to minimize network traffic, only the active and the standby routers send periodic HSRP messages after the protocol has completed the election process. Additional routers in the HSRP group remain in the Listen state.
If the active router fails, the standby router takes over as the active router. If the standby router fails or becomes the active router, another router is elected as the standby router.Each standby group emulates a single virtual router (default gateway). For each group, a single well-known MAC and IP address is allocated to that group.
Multiple standby groups can coexist and overlap on a LAN, and individual routers can participate in multiple groups. In this case, the router maintains a separate state and timers for each group. HSRP TermsTermDefinitionActive routerThe router that currently forwards packets for the virtual routerStandby routerThe primary backup routerStandby groupThe set of routers that participate in HSRP and jointly emulate a virtual routerHello timeThe interval between successive HSRP hello messages from a given routerHold timeThe interval between the receipt of a hello message and the presumption that the sending router has failedHSRP Addressing HSRP Router CommunicationRouters that run HSRP communicate HSRP information between each other through HSRP hello packets.
These packets are sent to the destination IP multicast address 224.0.0.2 on User Datagram Protocol (UDP) port 1985. IP multicast address 224.0.0.2 is a reserved multicast address that is used to communicate to all routers. The active router sources hello packets from its configured IP address and the HSRP virtual MAC address. The standby router sources hellos from its configured IP address and the burned-in MAC address (BIA). This use of source addressing is necessary so that HSRP routers can correctly identify each other.In most cases, when you configure routers to be part of an HSRP group, the routers listen for the HSRP MAC address for that group as well as their own BIA. The only exception to this behavior is for Cisco 2500, 4000, and 4500 routers. These routers have Ethernet hardware that only recognizes a single MAC address.
Therefore, these routers use the HSRP MAC address when they serve as the active router. The routers use their BIA when they serve as the standby router. HSRP Standby IP Address Communication on All Media Except Token RingBecause host workstations are configured with their default gateway as the HSRP standby IP address, hosts must communicate with the MAC address that is associated with the HSRP standby IP address.
This MAC address is a virtual MAC address that is composed of 0000.0c07.ac. The. is the HSRP group number in hexadecimal, based on the respective interface. For example, HSRP group 1 uses the HSRP virtual MAC address of 0000.0c07.ac01.
Hosts on the adjoining LAN segment use the normal Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) process in order to resolve the associated MAC addresses. HSRP Standby IP Address Communication on Token Ring MediaToken Ring interfaces use functional addresses for the HSRP MAC address. Functional addresses are the only general multicast mechanism available. There is a limited number of Token Ring functional addresses available, and many of these addresses are reserved for other functions. These three addresses are the only addresses available for use with HSRP: c000.0001.0000 (group 0)c000.0002.0000 (group 1)c000.0004.0000 (group 2)Therefore, you can configure only three HSRP groups on Token Ring interfaces, unless you configure the standby use-bia parameter. ICMP RedirectsHSRP peer routers that protect a subnet are able to provide access to all other subnets in the network.
This is the basis of HSRP. Therefore, which router becomes the active HSRP router is irrelevant. In Cisco IOS software releases earlier than Cisco IOS Software Release 12.1(3)T, ICMP redirects are automatically disabled on an interface when HSRP is used on that interface. Without this configuration, the hosts can be redirected away from the HSRP virtual IP address and toward an interface IP and MAC address of a single router. Redundancy is lost.Cisco IOS Software Release 12.1(3)T introduces a method to allow ICMP redirects with HSRP.
This method filters outbound ICMP redirect messages through HSRP. The next hop IP address is changed to an HSRP virtual address. The gateway IP address in the outbound ICMP redirect message is compared to a list of HSRP active routers that are present on that network. If the router that corresponds to the gateway IP address is an active router for an HSRP group, the gateway IP address is replaced with that group virtual IP address.
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This solution allows hosts to learn optimal routes to remote networks and, at the same time, maintain the resilience that HSRP provides. HSRP Functionality MatrixRefer to the section of in order to learn about the features and Cisco IOS Software releases that support HSRP. HSRP FeaturesRefer to for information on most of the HSRP features. This document provides information on these HSRP features:.Preemption.Interface tracking.Use of a BIA.Multiple HSRP groups.Configurable MAC addresses.Syslog support.HSRP debugging.Enhanced HSRP debugging.Authentication.IP redundancy.Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) MIB.HSRP for Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)Note: You can use your browser Find feature in order to locate these sections within the document.
Packet FormatThis table shows the format of the data portion of the UDP HSRP frame: VersionOp CodeStateHellotimeHoldtimePriorityGroupReservedAuthentication DataAuthentication DataVirtual IP AddressThis table describes each of the fields in the HSRP packet: Packet FieldDescriptionOp Code (1 octet)The Op Code describes the type of message that the packet contains. Possible values are: 0 - hello, 1 - coup, and 2 - resign.
Hello messages are sent to indicate that a router runs HSRP and is able to become the active router. Coup messages are sent when a router wishes to become the active router. Resign messages are sent when a router no longer wishes to be the active router.State (1 octet)Each router in the standby group implements a state machine. The state field describes the current state of the router that sends the message. These are details on the individual states: 0 - initial, 1 - learn, 2 - listen, 4 - speak, 8 - standby, and 16 - active.Hellotime (1 octet)This field is only meaningful in hello messages.
It contains the approximate period between the hello messages that the router sends. The time is given in seconds.Holdtime (1 octet)This field is only meaningful in hello messages. It contains the amount of time that the routers wait for a hello message before they initiate a state change.Priority (1 octet)This field is used to elect the active and standby routers. In a comparison of the priorities of two routers, the router with the highest value becomes the active router. The tie breaker is the router with the higher IP address.Group (1 octet)This field identifies the standby group.Authentication Data (8 octets)This field contains a cleartext, eight-character password.Virtual IP Address (4 octets)If the virtual IP address is not configured on a router, the address can be learned from the hello message from the active router. An address is only learned if no HSRP standby IP address has been configured, and the hello message is authenticated (if authentication is configured).HSRP States StateDefinitionInitialThis is the state at the start. This state indicates that HSRP does not run.
This state is entered through a configuration change or when an interface first becomes available.LearnThe router has not determined the virtual IP address and has not yet seen an authenticated hello message from the active router. In this state, the router still waits to hear from the active router.ListenThe router knows the virtual IP address, but the router is neither the active router nor the standby router. It listens for hello messages from those routers.SpeakThe router sends periodic hello messages and actively participates in the election of the active and/or standby router. A router cannot enter speak state unless the router has the virtual IP address.StandbyThe router is a candidate to become the next active router and sends periodic hello messages. With the exclusion of transient conditions, there is, at most, one router in the group in standby state.ActiveThe router currently forwards packets that are sent to the group virtual MAC address. The router sends periodic hello messages.
With the exclusion of transient conditions, there must be, at most, one router in active state in the group.HSRP TimersEach router only uses three timers in HSRP. The timers time hello messages. The HSRP converges, when a failure occurs, depend on how the HSRP hello and hold timers are configured. By default, these timers are set to 3 and 10 seconds, respectively, which means that a hello packet is sent between the HSRP standby group devices every 3 seconds, and the standby device becomes active when a hello packet has not been received for 10 seconds. You can lower these timer settings to speed up the failover or preemption, but, to avoid increased CPU usage and unnecessary standby state flapping, do not set the hello timer below one (1) second or the hold timer below 4 seconds. Note that, if you use the HSRP tracking mechanism and the tracked link fails, the failover or preemption occurs immediately, regardless of the hello and hold timers. When a timer expires, the router transitions to a new HSRP state.
The timers can be changed with this command: standby group-number timers hellotime holdtime. For example, standby 1 timers 5 15.This table provides more information on these timers: TimerDescriptionActive timerThis timer is used to monitor the active router. This timer starts any time an active router receives a hello packet. This timer expires in accordance with the hold time value that is set in the related field of the HSRP hello message.Standby timerThis timer is used in order to monitor the standby router. The timer starts any time the standby router receives a hello packet. This timer expires in accordance with the hold time value that is set in the respective hello packet.Hello timerThis timer is used to clock hello packets.
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